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空间定向障碍评价方法研究

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摘要:空间定向障碍(SD)是指飞行员在三维空间飞行中对飞行姿态、位置和运动状况发生的错误判断。SD严重影响着飞行安全,虽然SD被很多学者关注,但针对不同类型SD的研究不多,尤其缺乏不可认知型SD的相关研究。为解决上述问题,在详细分析国内外已有研究成果的基础上,结合SD的产生原因和认知学分类,将现有SD的评价方法归纳总结,概述了主观评价法、生理心理参数专项检测法、行为学评价法和认知学评价法的优缺点及其适用的SD类型。以4种评价方法为基础,提出一种集主观评价和行为学足底压力中心评价为一体的、针对认知阈下的不可认知型SD评价方法。所提出的新方法不仅可以从主观上区分认知类型,还将客观行为学数据作為是否出现SD的评价依据,适用于不可认知型SD,为其鉴定及后续的对抗训练提供了重要依据。

关键词:航空航天医学;空间定向障碍;评价方法;认知;压力中心

中图分类号:R852文献标志码:Adoi: 10.7535/hbgykj.2018yx01008

Research of spatial disorientation evaluation method

HAO Cheu, CHI Ziqiang, ZHAO Ruibin, ZHANG Jingjing,WU Yau, ZHANG Jing, MENG Yanjun

(School of Medical Imaging, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, China)

Abstract:Spatial disorientation refers to an erroneous perception of position, altitude, motion related to the plane of the earth"s surface or a false perception relative to gravitational vertical and with respect to the aviator"s own or other aircraft. Although spatial disorientation which has a strong impact on air safety, gets a lot attention by many scholars, little studies pay attention to different types of spatial disorientation, especially uecognized spatial disorientation. In order to solve the above problems, the reason and classification of spatial disorientation are generalized based on detailed analysis of the existing researches. And the evaluation methods of SD are summarized by subjective assessment, psychophysiological assessment, behavioural assessment and cognitive assessment. Based on the 4 existing evaluation methods, a new evaluation method is put forward to measure uecognized SD. The subjective reports and the canter data of foot pressure are combined together in the new method. The proposed new method can not only distinguish the type of spatial disorientation subjectively, but also be used as the judgement basis for objectives behavioristics data to evaluate the SD existence.The new optimization design method will provide important basis for the test of uecognized SD and countermeasure training.

Keywords:aerospace medicine; spatial disorientation; evaluation method; cognition; COP

空间定向障碍(spatial disorientation,SD)是指飞行人员在飞行中对飞行姿态、位置和运动状况发生的错误判断。GILLINGHAM[1]将SD定义为对相对于地平面的姿势、高度以及运动情况的错误认知(狭义定义)。之后BENSON[2]又在这基础上加上了飞行员本身对重力垂线的错误认知以及相对于其他飞机对本身飞行姿态的误判(广义定义)。

由SD引发的飞行事故很多,近10年间所发生的飞行事故中有54%与SD有关[3],平均每百万飞行小时出现1次A类事故[4]。随着飞机速度的不断提升,由SD引发的事故比率也不断提升,而在这些由SD引发的事故当中,致命事故又占绝大比例。各国虽然都开展了SD机理研究以及对抗SD的训练并取得了一些进展[56],但仍然存在一些问题和不足。

推荐访问:定向 障碍 评价 方法 研究

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