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稻田退水沟渠去除氮磷的强化措施及其应用概述

作者:jkyxc 浏览数:

摘要:在阐述稻田退水氮磷面源污染严重性及沟渠结构与功能的基础上,分析了沟渠底泥吸附、植物吸收、微生物分解和协同作用等主要净化机理,探讨了沟渠植物种类选取、沟渠基质类型筛选、沟渠结构的合理设计以及充分利用毗邻生态单元构建生态处理系统4种沟渠改造措施,指出在沟渠工程化建设的同时宜采用人工强化技术,可有效增强沟渠生态与服务功能;从生态学及景观生态学角度,提出生态拦截型沟渠、溪流式接触氧化沟渠、多级消减沟渠等3种新型生态型沟渠的应用。建议在沟渠的改造、利用、管理上要实施合理的监管制度,对新型沟渠的建设相关部门要出台相关法律法规及设计规范;同时,在理论研究的基础上进行实验室模拟分析,为实践工程提供数据支撑及科学指导。

关键词:稻田退水;沟渠系统;农业面源污染;生态沟渠

中图分类号:X703;X71;S511 文献标识码:A 文章编号:0439-8114(2015)20-4985-05

DOI:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2015.20.016

Strengthening Measures and Applications of Paddy Fields Drainage Ditch for Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal: A Review

LI Hai-bo1,LV Xue-dong2a,2b,WANG Hong2b,WANG Xin2b,LI Ying-hua1,JI Xian-chao2b

(1.College of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeast University, Shenyang 110004, China;2.Shenyang University, a. Institute of Architectural Engineering, b.School of environment/Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110044, China)

Abstract: To improve the removal rate of pollutant and enhance the ecological function effectively, four strengthening measures were discussed, including species selection of ditch plant, filter type of ditch matrix, reasonable design of ditch structure and constructing ecological treatment system with adjacent wetlands or ponds unit. Furthermore, from the perspective of ecology and landscape ecology, the ecological ditch system with interception function, stream type contact oxidation ditch and multistage reduction ecological ditch were introduced. Finally, it was advised that reasonable regulatory systems on the transformation, utilization and management of the ditch should be carried out, and relevant laws and regulations and design specifications on the construction of new ditches should be established; Meanwhile, theoretical research works should be carried out to conduct laboratory simulation and provide data support and scientific guidance for practical engineering.

Key words: paddy field drainage; ditch system; agricultural non-point source pollution; ecological ditch

进入21世纪以来,面源污染已取代点源污染,成为威胁地表水环境最严重的问题,其中农业面源污染又是水体污染的最大“贡献者”,负荷率最高[1]。稻田生产具有典型的水文过程,稻田退水是一类重要的面源污染形式。据统计,稻田退水对河流、湖泊富营养化的贡献率高达27%,大量未经充分利用的氮、磷随退水流失到周边水体环境中,造成河流、湖泊甚至海洋的富营养化[2,3]。稻田退水沟渠作为稻田的重要水利设施不仅具有汇水、持水、水流通道的作用,而且还担负着一定程度的水质净化及维持生物多样性的功能[4]。对沟渠的定义有许多种,Needelman等[5]认为,沟渠是具有河流和湿地特征的独特工程化生态系统。Strock等[6]认为,沟渠在较长的水力停留时间下,其生态学和物理学的功能与线性湿地相似。周俊等[7]认为,沟渠是人类为满足生产、生活安全保障等需求而人工挖掘的过水通道,但由于其长时间的积水或季节性过水,沟渠内部分布多种适宜生长的沉水、浮水、挺水植物及高低等生物,使沟渠本身具有一定湿地生态功能的性质,对氮、磷等污染物具有明显的去除效力,可以说它是一种在不同因素活动影响下而形成的半自然化的湿地生态系统。稻田退水携带大量未经充分利用的氮、磷营养元素汇入沟渠,沟渠可通过底泥吸附、植物吸收、微生物分解和协同等一系列作用,降低退水进入下一受纳水体的氮、磷含量[8-10]。目前,稻田沟渠系统的污染物截留与净化功能在面源污染与小流域污染治理中愈加受到重视,成为减轻氮、磷和农药等农田非点源污染的有效途径之一[11-13]。

推荐访问:水沟 稻田 去除 及其应用 概述

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